The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes includes all the following mechanisms except for: Show
a) Increased glucose production by the liver b) Impaired insulin secretion c) Decreased glucose uptake from the skeletal muscle d) All of the options given are correct Question 6The test for checking mean plasma glucose concentration over the previous 8-10 weeks is: a) Hemoglobin A1c b) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) c) Fructosamine test d) Fasting plasma glucose concentration Question 7Which statement best describes the differences between the characteristics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a) persons with type 2 diabetes usually require lower doses of insulin than person with type 1 diabetes because they have a milder form of diabetes b) persons with type 1 diabetes rapidly develop chronic complications c) autoimmune factors are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 but not type 2 diabetes d) persons with type 1 diabetes can increase endogenous insulin production by taking oral hypoglycemic agents Question 8Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of exercise in people with diabetes: a) Reduction of triglycerides b) Hypoglycaemia c) increase of insulin sensitivity d) help controlling hypertension Question 9According to trials on diabetes prevention, high-risk individuals can reduce their risk to develop diabetes by doing the following: a) Eating a very low carbohydrate diet b) Consuming a diet high in monounsaturated fats c) Losing 5-7% of body weight through a hypocaloric low fat diet and 30 minutes of daily activity d) Initiating metformin 850 mg BID and practicing daily vigorous exercise Question 10Which of the following are the recommended blood pressure and lipid goals for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with diabetes? a) BP < 140/90, Trig <150, LDL < 100 b) BP < 130/85, Trig < 300, LDL < 100 c) BP < 135/80, Trig < 200, LDL < 130 d) BP < 130/80, Trig <150, LDL < 100 Question 11What is the first-line drug for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity? a) Acarbose b) Metformin c) Sulphonylureas d) Insulin Question 12According to the recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes, the consumption of saturated fat should be: a) <10% of total daily energy b) <12% c) <15% d) <16%
 About the bookFind out more, read a sample chapter, or order an inspection copy if you are a lecturer, from the Higher Education website About 90% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. It can come on slowly, usually over the age of 40. The signs may not be obvious, or there may be no signs at all, therefore it might be up to 10 years before you find out you have it. That’s why it’s very important to know the diabetes risk factors. You can find out your risk with our Know Your Risk tool or you may be eligible for a free NHS Health Check, so you can do something about it. Off Your risk increases with age. You’re more at risk if you’re white and over 40 or over 25 if you’re African-Caribbean, Black African, or South Asian. You’re two to six times more likely to get type 2 diabetes if you have a parent, brother, sister or child with diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is two to four times more likely in people of South Asian descent and African-Caribbean or Black African descent. You’re more at risk if you’ve ever had high blood pressure. You’re more at risk of type 2 diabetes if you’re carrying extra weight, especially if this weight is around your middle. Know Your RiskYou can find out your risk of type 2 diabetes now. It only takes a few minutes. It could be the most important thing you do today. Before you use the tool to find out your risk, you need to take a few measurements: your waist size, your height and your weight. Find out more about how to get an accurate waist measurement. It's not your belt size.
Other type 2 diabetes risk factorsSmokingSmoking is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, and also increases the risk of other health conditions such as heart disease and cancer. There is a lot of support available if you are thinking about stopping smoking. The NHS provide stop smoking services and they are sometimes available at local pharmacies. Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that affects pregnant women, usually during the second or third trimester. Read more about the risk factors of gestational diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes it is important to have your blood glucose levels tested regularly after as you have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Arrange a blood glucose test at your six week postnatal check and annually with your GP surgery. Also look out for any symptoms of diabetes. Women can also hugely reduce their risk of developing gestational diabetes by managing their weight, eating healthily and keeping active. If you are planning a pregnancy try this Planning for Pregnancy tool created by Tommy’s – a charity dedicated to making pregnancy safer. It'll help you learn what you need to know. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PCOS is a condition that affects your ovaries. Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system that store and release eggs ready to be fertilised. Each egg develops in a small fluid filled swelling called a follicle before it is released by the ovary. In PCOS, several follicles can develop but none of these become an egg that can be fertilised. These follicles can become cysts. Women who have PCOS are at an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance and therefore higher levels of insulin circulating in the blood. Women with PCOS should be offered an oral glucose tolerance test on diagnosis, as recommended by NICE. If found to have impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, this test should be repeated annually. Mental health conditionsCertain mental health conditions are also a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, these include:
If you are receiving treatment with antipsychotic medication this can also increase your risk of type 2 diabetes, but the risk is quite low. It is important that you continue to take any prescribed medication as it will help to manage your condition. Talk to your GP or a member of your health care team if you are concerned about potential side effects. You can also contact our helpline. Some of these medications can also cause you to gain weight, so taking steps to manage your weight is important and everyone can benefit from eating well and moving more. Sedentary lifestyleIf you spend long periods of time sitting,(this does not include sleeping) this is known as a ‘sedentary’ lifestyle. Being sedentary is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. It is important to remember that even if you do the recommended amount of exercise per week you can still have a sedentary lifestyle. This is because being sedentary is different to being physically inactive. Being ‘physically inactive’ means not doing enough physical activity. Being ‘sedentary’ means sitting or lying down for long periods. Examples of a sedentary behaviours include:
You should try to break periods of sitting as often as possible, by doing some light activity such as walking. If you sit at a desk or screen all day try some chair based exercises. Also aim to build light activity in to your day, here’s some ideas:
AlcoholDrinking too much alcohol is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Current guidelines recommend not regularly drinking more than 14 units per week and that these units should be spread evenly over 3-4 days. Drinking heavily on one or two days per week will also increase the risk of other health conditions such as certain types of cancer. Evidence seems to show drinking in moderation is associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. SleepIf you have disturbed sleep this can be associated with an increased the risk of type 2 diabetes. Not getting enough sleep, or sleeping for too long have been associated with an increased risk. Many things can affect how long and how well we sleep. Read some tips for a good night sleep.
Are you eligible for an NHS Health Check?Whether you have any other risk factors or not, if you’re over 40 your risk of type 2 diabetes and other conditions is higher. If you're aged 40 to 74 and living in England, you may be eligible for a free NHS Health Check. It's a great way to check your health and get personalised advice on keeping yourself healthy and active. What are the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus?Risk factors. Weight. Being overweight or obese is a main risk.. Fat distribution. Storing fat mainly in your abdomen — rather than your hips and thighs — indicates a greater risk. ... . Inactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk. ... . Family history. ... . Race and ethnicity. ... . Blood lipid levels. ... . Age. ... . Prediabetes.. What are 3 risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes or pre diabetes?In particular, people with excess weight are at a higher risk, compared to the general population. Risk is further increased with a family history of type two diabetes, age over 45, African, Latino or Native American ancestry, smoking, and certain medications, including steroids, anti-psychotics, and HIV medication.
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