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The Four Part Processing Model for Word RecognitionThe Four-Part Processing Model for word recognition is a simplified model that illustrates how the brain reads or recognizes words. It illustrates that there are four processes that are active in the reading brain including: phonological, orthographic, meaning, and context processors (Moats & Tolman, 2019). The model also provides evidence that instruction should occur for students to address all processors, so that as each processor is strengthened, all processors will work together. Scroll down to see the role of each processor as they work together for word recognition. Listen as Dr. Carol Tolman explains the Four Part Processing Model for Word Recognition. (Video Length: 3:05)
For example: The bolt of lightning hit the clocktower during the storm last night. The word “bolt” has several meanings, however, in this example it means a shaft of lightning or thunderbolt. Experienced teachers know that true literacy is much more than just being able to sound out the letters on the page. Skilled readers need to be able to master both what the words are and what they mean. To do this successfully, they bring together various skills like vocabulary, language structure, and verbal reasoning. The Scarborough’s Rope model can help educators better understand what it truly takes to create skilled readers. Source: Brainspring Dr. Hollis Scarborough invented the concept of the Reading Rope in the early 1990s. She used it to help parents understand the various skills their children needed to master to become proficient readers. Originally, she twisted together a model made of pipe cleaners to demonstrate her point. In 2001, the model was published in the Handbook of Early Literacy Research (Neuman/Dickinson). Reading teachers immediately saw how useful it was, and it became a staple for educating new teachers and parents alike. Scarborough’s Rope contains two main sections: Word Recognition and Language Comprehension. Each of these comprises several smaller strands. Woven together, these strands become the rope that represents complete skilled reading. All the components are interconnected and interdependent. If just one strand is weak, it affects the rope (and the reader) as a whole. Word RecognitionSource: Payne STEAM Academy on Twitter The lower section of Scarborough’s Rope focuses on word recognition skills. These are the skills we tend to think of most when we talk about teaching kids how to read. Imagine a kid sounding out the letters on a page or putting together phonics sounds and syllables. These are the basics of word recognition. Phonological AwarenessPut simply, phonological awareness is about understanding that words are made up of sounds. Kids learn to speak without ever needing to see a written word. But when they learn reading, they need to recognize that the sounds they make with their mouths correspond with the words they see on the page. This is a very early skill that sets the stage for what follows. DecodingDecoding is what we picture when we see beginning readers: kids sounding out the words letter by letter. It includes things like phonics, letter blends, silent letters, and more. Kids proficient at decoding can sound out all the words they see on a page, even if they don’t know what the words mean. Sight WordsSome words are used so frequently that it makes more sense to teach kids to recognize them on sight. This is an extremely common method used in pretty much every early elementary classroom today. Learn more about sight words here. Language ComprehensionSource: @teachloveread Word recognition on its own doesn’t create fluent readers. If kids don’t know what the words themselves mean, they’re not really reading. Furthermore, understanding the meaning of words on their own isn’t really useful. Fluent readers understand the text they’re reading as a whole, drawing meaningful conclusions and finding important takeaways. The upper strands of Scarborough’s Rope are incredibly key in creating strong readers. Background KnowledgeThis strand of the rope is where cross-curriculum learning can really come into play. Kids reading a novel set in World War II Germany will get a lot more out of it when they understand more about WWII in general. For teachers, this means placing reading choices in context. Use reading (at any age) as part of a larger lesson on any topic. Kids will develop a deeper understanding and improve literacy skills at the same time. Learn more about the importance of developing background knowledge here. VocabularyBuilding a rich vocabulary means kids can enjoy reading a wider variety of books. When you have to stop every few sentences to look up a word, you’re likely to give up on reading a lot faster. Even worse is when kids don’t stop to find out the meaning of a word, since they’ll have “read” something without understanding it fully—or at all. Language StructureWhen we talk about language structure, we generally mean syntax (the order of words) and semantics (the meaning of the text). English has a lot of rules for the patterns and order of words, known as syntax. Semantics delves deep into how words and phrases combine to create meaning and how an author’s word choice affects that meaning. It’s a complicated topic, which good readers continue to consider throughout their lives. Verbal ReasoningWhen it comes to Scarborough’s Rope, verbal reasoning refers to understanding when and how words are being figurative and literal. It includes things like metaphors, analogies, idioms, and figurative language. Kids pick up some of these things as they grow, but classroom instruction can be helpful too. (Try these anchor charts for teaching figurative language.) Literacy KnowledgeKids gain literacy knowledge by exposure to a wide array of genres and styles. This is why a strong curriculum covers fiction, nonfiction, and poetry in all their forms. Generally speaking, the more types of reading a child encounters, the more advanced their literacy knowledge becomes. How can teachers use Scarborough’s Rope?Source: Brainspring Many teachers find Scarborough’s Rope useful in two main ways. First, it helps teachers themselves identify where struggling readers may need more help. For instance, a student may be very good at sounding out the words on the page, but lack the vocabulary or verbal reasoning to make sense of what they’re reading. Once they identify the weak strands, a teacher can make adjustments or offer enrichment to help that student succeed. Second, teachers can (and should) share this model with parents. It can help them understand why their child is struggling or why teachers use such a variety of methods in the classroom. It’s a good tool to reinforce that reading at home is essential to building the literacy skills kids need in school and throughout their lives. Scarborough’s Rope ResourcesTry these free resources to learn more about this valuable literacy model.
How has Scarborough’s Rope enhanced your teaching of reading? Come share your thoughts in the WeAreTeachers HELPLINE on Facebook.Plus, what is balanced literacy ?Which of these does the Language Comprehension component of the reading rope?The Language Comprehension strands include Background Knowledge, Vocabulary, Language Structure, Verbal Reasoning, and Literacy/Print Knowledge.
Which skill is associated with the comprehension strands of the reading rope?In the Reading Rope, there are two main skills, Word Recognition and Language Comprehension. Each of these skills is comprised by subskills within the strands of the rope.
What skill is most important for a student just learning to read Letrs?Vocabulary. We all know that sounding out words is an important skill. But if your child doesn't understand the words they sound out, the story will be meaningless. That's why it's so important for a child to develop a strong vocabulary before they learn to read.
Which components of reading comprehension is a strength for your student?Having a strong vocabulary is a key component of reading comprehension. Students can learn vocabulary through instruction. But they typically learn the meaning of words through everyday experience and also by reading.
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