Glycolic acid is a substance that chemically exfoliates the skin by dissolving dead skin cells and oils. It is naturally present in certain plants, such as beets, sugarcane, and some fruits. Due to its properties, it is also a popular ingredient in skin care products. Show Glycolic acid can remove the very top layer of skin cells without the need for scrubbing, which can cause irritation. It is also useful in treatments for acne, hyperpigmentation, and the visible signs of aging. However, as with all chemical exfoliants, using glycolic acid too frequently, at too high a concentration, or incorrectly can result in skin irritation or damage. In this article, we discuss glycolic acid in detail, including its properties, benefits for the skin, and potential side effects. We also suggest how to choose a glycolic acid product and when to contact a doctor. Glycolic acid is a compound that naturally occurs in certain fruits, beets, and sugarcane. In its pure form, it is odorless and colorless. Cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies include glycolic acid in topical products to treat skin conditions or to improve skin texture and appearance. The acid that cosmetic companies use tends to come from a laboratory rather than natural sources. Glycolic acid belongs to a group of acids experts refer to as alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs). AHAs are popular ingredients in skin care products. Other types of AHA include:
Of these, glycolic acid has the smallest molecular structure, which likely allows it to penetrate deeper into the skin. Glycolic acid has the following properties:
Research suggests that glycolic acid may help with the following: AcneOlder research from 1999 examined the effect of a peel containing 70% glycolic acid on 80 females with acne. The research found that it quickly improved all types of acne, particularly comedonal acne, which occurs when pores become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It is of note, however, that this strength of glycolic acid is only available as a chemical peel. Over-the-counter (OTC) glycolic acid products are not this strong. UV damageExposure to UV light can cause skin damage. The visible signs of this include:
Health experts refer to this as photoaging. A 2020 study notes that glycolic acid is an effective treatment for sun damage in the skin. A 2018 paper also reports that glycolic acid has a protective effect against UVB rays, meaning it may help prevent photoaging. Lines and wrinklesOver time, the skin loses its plumpness and elasticity. As a result, fine lines and wrinkles can form. This is a natural process and not necessarily something a person needs to treat. However, for those who choose to, glycolic acid may help. According to a 2020 study, glycolic acid:
WartsWarts are small, hard growths on the skin that occur due to viruses. An older 2011 study tested the effectiveness of a 15% glycolic acid treatment in 31 HIV-positive children with warts. The results indicate that the treatment helped flatten and normalize the color of the warts, but it only completely cleared them in 10% of the participants. Other research from 2011 evaluated the effectiveness of a gel containing 15% glycolic acid and 2% salicylic acid in 20 people with warts. The research found that the gel worked very well. However, both these studies were small, and therefore, more research is necessary to confirm these findings. All chemical exfoliants have some risks. They include the following: UV damageAHAs may reduce the signs of sun damage. However, because AHAs also remove the top layer of skin cells, they leave the cells underneath more vulnerable to further sun damage. For this reason, it is essential to wear sunscreen every day before going outside and for 1 week after stopping glycolic acid use. A person will also need to avoid tanning beds. IrritationSome people may have reactions to products containing glycolic acid. They may experience:
Symptoms such as burning are not a sign that the product is working. If any of the above occur, wash the product off and discontinue use. These symptoms may also occur if:
If glycolic acid gets in the eyes, rinse them under clean running water immediately. HyperpigmentationGlycolic acid can be an effective ingredient for reducing hyperpigmentation. However, strong or irritating skin care products can also cause hyperpigmentation. It is especially important for people who are prone to hyperpigmentation to use nonirritating, gentle exfoliants. How a person chooses a glycolic acid product will depend on the results they want to achieve. People can find glycolic acid in a wide range of formats, including:
Generally, however, products that have a leave-on formula will have the best results, as the formula gives the acid more time to work. Individuals who have not tried glycolic acid before should look for products that have a low concentration of glycolic acid, of around 8%. This will allow them to start with a weaker solution and work upward, if they wish to. It is also beneficial to look for a pH that is not too acidic. Most OTC products have a pH of around 4, which is not much more acidic than the skin’s natural pH. If the concentration or pH is not listed on the product, the company may be able to provide the information. Before trying glycolic acid, it is important to seek guidance from a healthcare professional, such as a dermatologist, particularly if a person has an ongoing skin condition. Glycolic acid is not suitable for everyone. A healthcare professional will be able to advise on whether the product is right for a person. It is also important to wait until any broken or sun-burned skin has healed before applying glycolic acid to the area. When a person is ready to try glycolic acid, they should do the following:
Glycolic acid is a chemical exfoliant that occurs naturally in some plants. Many skin care products and treatments contain it, although cosmetic companies usually use glycolic acid that comes from a laboratory. This ingredient has exfoliating, hydrating, and anti-aging properties. It increases the amount of substances that help with skin regeneration and the production of collagen. However, it is important to use it correctly to avoid adverse effects. If a person wishes to try a product containing glycolic acid, they should consult a doctor first. It is best to start slowly and use sunscreen when going outdoors, both during the treatment and for some time after. Is it safe to apply glycolic acid on face?Most people can use glycolic acid safely. However, sometimes the acid can irritate darker skin tones and cause post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or dark spots. Using lower concentrations and refraining from using too many glycolic acid-containing products can often reduce this risk.
What happens if you use glycolic acid everyday?Your skin will become red and irritated if you overuse glycolic acid. This can also happen if you're using products with several different alpha hydroxy acids at once. Layering acids like that is way too much exfoliation for your skin.
How often can you use glycolic acid on your face?Using glycolic acid peel 2-3x times a week at night is best initially. Glycolic acid can do its magic also on your hands and legs. Because you get dark spots there as you age. For best results, you can use it daily.
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