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The Communication Process Human communication is essentially a process of sending and receiving information. Every verbal and non-verbal interaction that we have goes through this process. Essentially, the process is transactional, in which each of the components overlaps simultaneously. The components of the communication process are as follows:
Noise Any interference in the communication process is considered noise. Noise hampers the source from sending out a clear message and the receiver from taking in the message as it was intended. Noise is ever present in each of the three models of communication. The following types of noise can negatively impact the communication process:
Communication Models Three models are used to explain the communication process. These are discussed here. The linear model of communication describes communication going in only one direction. The sender encodes a message and channels it to the receiver. The components at work include sending and receiving, and encoding and decoding a message, but there is no feedback loop. For example: Receiving a letter in the mail or an email.
The interactional model reflects more of a back-and-forth conversation, in which a person waits for the feedback loop to be completed before responding. Conversation is interactive when the source sends a message to the receiver, it is encoded, and a message is sent back, creating a two-way conversation. There is no time lag in communication. The interactional model of communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. For example: A question-and-answer session, in which a question is asked and a response given, is an example of an interactional model of communication. Feedback and context help make the interactive model a more useful illustration of the communication process. Rather than illustrating communication as a linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive, two-way process. Each participant alternates roles as sender and receiver in order to keep a communication encounter going, we alternate between the roles of sender and receiver very quickly and often without conscious thought.
To review, each model incorporates a different understanding of what communication is and what communication does. The linear model views communication as a thing, like an information packet, that is sent from one place to another. From this view, communication is defined as sending and receiving messages. The interactional model views communication as an interaction in which a message is sent and then followed by a reaction (feedback), which is then followed by another reaction, and so on. The transactional model views communication as integrated into our social realities and displays the all components of the communication process.
Key Takeaways
Exercises
ReferencesSchramm, W., The Beginnings of Communication Study in America (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997). Wood, J.T., Communication in Our Lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA (Thomson-Wadsworth, 2009). This page titled 1.3: The Communication Process and Models is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Anonymous. How does noise affect the transactional model of communication?Noise creates distortion or blockage of a sender's message. Reason: The effect of noise in the model of transactional communication is distortion in the process of sending the message. Noise creates disruption and blockage in communicating the message sent by the sender.
What model of communication has noise?Figure 1.1 The Transmission Model of Communication
Noise is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter. Even if a speaker sends a clear message, noise may interfere with a message being accurately received and decoded.
What are the three types of noise in the model of communication?Noise is defined to be “[a]nything that distorts the message intended by the source, anything that interferes with the receiver's receiving the message as the source intended the message to be received” (p. 209). DeVito went on the identify three types of noise: physical noise, psychological noise, and semantic noise.
What are the elements of the transactional model of communication?The transactional model has a number of interdependent processes and components, including the encoding and decoding processes, the communicator, the message, the channel, and noise.
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