What is the command to navigate to previous working directory from the current working directory?

To change directories from your current working directory, use the command cd.

The above command changes directories to the /tmp/ directory. The second word on the command line must be a path. It can either be relative or absolute, and can move one directory or many. If the cd command is entered at the shell prompt with no options or path specified, the default action is to move the user into their home directory. For example, user someone would be moved to the /home/someone/ directory.

The cd has many useful options. You can see all of these options by entering man cd at the shell prompt. The most commonly used options are listed below.

• cd — Returns you to your login directory

• cd - — Returns you to your previous working directory

• cd ~ — Also returns you to your login directory

• cd / — Takes you to the entire system's root directory.

• cd /root — Takes you to the home directory of the root user. You must be the root user to access this directory.

• cd /home — Takes you to the home directory, where user login directories are usually stored

• cd .. — Takes you to the directory one level up.

• cd ~otheruser — Takes you to otheruser's home directory, if otheruser has granted you permission.

Below are a few examples of the use of cd.

• cd /dir1/dir2/ — Regardless of which directory you are in, this absolute path takes you directly to dir2, a subdirectory of /dir1/.

• cd ../../dir2/dir3/ — This relative path takes you up two directories, then to dir2/, and finally into its subdirectory dir3/.

If you attempt to cd into a directory you do not have permission to access, you are denied permission to access that directory.

Denying access to the root and other users' accounts (or home directories) is one way your Red Hat Enterprise Linux system prevents accidental or malicious tampering. Refer to Section 4.11 Ownership and Permissions for more information.

Introduction

Many Linux commands, such as the ls command, affect the current working directory. The current working directory is the directory your terminal window or command prompt is working in.

Linux treats the Home directory as the default working directory. Using the cd command in Linux allows you to change the current working directory.

In this tutorial, we will explain the cd command syntax and show examples of how you can use it.

Prerequisites

• A system running a Linux distribution.
• A user account with sudo privileges.
• Access to the terminal window or command line.

Linux CD Command Syntax

The cd command in Linux uses the following syntax:

In the command above:

• cd: Invokes the cd command.
• [options]: Adding options changes the way the command executes.
• [directory]: Path to the directory you want to move into.

For instance, to move to the Desktop directory, run:

If the command executes successfully, the current working directory is indicated in the terminal interface:

If the terminal interface does not indicate the current working directory, using the pwd command displays it as the output:

The cd command uses the following options:

• -L: Force following symbolic links. This option is enabled by default.
• -P: Do not follow symbolic links. This option resolves the symbolic link to determine the parent directory before moving to the user-requested directory.
• -e: Exit with a non-zero status if using the -P option and the command cannot resolve the symbolic link.
• [email protected]: Present a file with extended attributes as a directory containing the file attributes.

The Linux cd command offers several ways to navigate and change the working directory using the terminal window. It lets you change directories using relative and absolute paths, move to parent or root directories, or find directories with incomplete names.

Note: The cd command is a built-in shell command. This means that its behavior varies slightly between shells since it uses shell environment variables. Learn more in our guide to environment variables in Linux.

Changing Directory

To change to a new working directory, use the cd command with a directory path.

For instance, moving to Example_Directory, located in the Home directory:

Change Directory and List Content

Append the ls command to the cd command using the && flag to change to a new directory and list its content simultaneously.

Using the previous example:

Changing Directory Using an Absolute Path

Using an absolute path to the directory means that the path starts from the root directory. For instance, changing to the Downloads directory using its absolute path:

Changing Directory Using a Relative Path

A relative path is a path to a directory relative to the current working directory. A relative path is best used when changing to a subdirectory of the current working directory.

In the example above, the Downloads directory is a subdirectory of Home. In this case, a relative path is a result of omitting the path to the current directory from the path to the new working directory:

Since the path to the current directory is /home/phoenixnap, omitting that part of the absolute path to the Downloads directory (/home/phoenixnap/Downloads) results in a relative path (Downloads).

Changing to the Previous Directory

Adding a dash symbol (-) to the cd command returns the shell to the previous working directory. For instance, after moving from Downloads to Example_Directory, return to Downloads with:

Changing to Parent Directory

To change to the parent of the current directory, add two period symbols (..) to the cd command.

For example, to move from Example01 to its parent directory Example_Directory:

Changing to the Root Directory

Add the slash symbol (/) to the cd command to move into the system's working directory:

Changing Back to the Home Directory

In Linux, the Home directory represents the default working directory. Using the cd command without any options or path changes back to the default working directory:

The absence of the current working directory path indicates that you are in the default working directory:

Another way to do this is to add the tilde symbol (~) to the cd command:

Changing to Another User's Home Directory

Change to another user's Home directory by adding the tilde symbol (~) appended with the appropriate username.

For instance, changing to the Home directory of a user named alex:

Changing to a Directory with Spaces in the Name

If the directory name contains blank spaces, change to it by surrounding the name with single quotation marks (' '). Alternatively, append a backslash symbol (\) to every word in the name except the last one:

For example, changing to a directory named This is a directory:

Autocomplete Directory Name

If you don't know the name of the directory you are trying to move to, the Linux terminal offers an autocomplete feature. After you start typing the directory name, press the Tab button on your keyboard to get autocomplete suggestions.

For instance, if you know that the name of the directory starts with an X (for instance, XYZ), type:

Conclusion

After reading this tutorial, you should be able to use the Linux cd command to navigate and change the current working directory in the terminal window.

Learn more about other Linux commands in our Linux commands cheat sheet.

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