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Terms in this set (24)What is the first question that should be asked in determining whether a cross-sectional design or a longitudinal design should be used in a quantitative study? a. Is there an independent variable?
b. What is the nature of the problem being studied?
c. Will a measurement tool or instrument be needed?
d. Can statistical
analysis be applied to the study data? ANS: B Feedback
A Independent variables are used in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
B The nature of the research problem determines whether a cross-sectional or longitudinal design should be used.
C A measurement tool or instrument can be used in both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
D Statistical analyses can be used in both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
Which method of data collection is most appropriate for a nurse researcher to use in a survey study? a. Videorecording of people-to-people interactions
b. Direct participant observation
c. Unstructured interview
d. Questionnaires ANS: D Feedback
A Videorecording of interpersonal interactions is more common for observational and focus group studies.
B Direct participant observation is used in
qualitative and observational type studies.
C Unstructured interviews are not usually appropriate for survey design.
D Questionnaires are the best method for a survey study. Why would a nurse researcher choose to use research studies that examine the associations or relationships between variables? a. A causal relationship can be determined between the variables.
b. Greater manipulation of the variables is possible in this type of
study.
c. Randomization of participants allows for increased generalizability.
d. There is application in clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental studies. ANS: D Feedback
A Causal relationships are usually determined by experimental and quasi-experimental designs.
B Correlational or association-type designs do not involve manipulation of variables.
C Randomization can be used in various levels of research and is not
reserved for associative design research.
D Advantages of correlational studies include their application to clinical settings and a foundation for future experimental designs. Why would a nurse researcher choose not to use a survey study design? a. Data analysis is limited with a survey design.
b. Information collected is relatively superficial.
c. Results are never applicable beyond the study population.
d. More subjects are
required to reach statistical significance than for other study designs. ANS: B Feedback
A Survey design can yield extensive data for analysis.
B Information obtained in a survey tends to be superficial.
C Survey design does not necessarily limit generalizability.
D A survey design does not necessarily increase the need for a larger sample size. A nurse researcher would choose to use a
correlational study of multiple variables for which purpose? a. To identify the independent variable
b. To test whether one variable causes another variable
c. To examine relationships between or among variables
d. To distinguish how different one variable is from another variable ANS: C Feedback
A The independent variable(s) should be identified by the researcher planning a study.
B Causation cannot be established by correlational
design.
C A multivariate correlational study examines relationships between or among variables.
D Correlational design will not help distinguish variables from other variables. Why would a nurse researcher choose to use a correlational design for a nonexperimental study? a. It represents an efficient and effective method of collecting a large amount of data about a problem.
b. Many questionnaires and instruments are already developed
and have been determined to be valid and reliable.
c. Generalizability is greater than for results of studies using experimental designs.
d. It allows flexibility in the manipulation of more than one variable. ANS: A Feedback
A A correlational design permits collection of a large amount of data about a problem.
B Questionnaires and instruments are used in all levels of research, not only for correlational studies.
C Experimental studies
are usually considered to have a stronger design and to be generalizable if sampling is appropriately designed.
D No variable is manipulated in a correlational study because it is considered nonexperimental. A nurse researcher will choose to use a developmental study design to do what? a. Allow comparison of the results of qualitative studies of a phenomenon to the results of quantitative studies of the same phenomenon
b. Allow
reanalysis of existing data for a secondary purpose not stated in the original research
c. Allow exploration of the changing nature of relationships between variables over time
d. Allow development or refinement of a tool or instrument ANS: C Feedback
A Comparison of studies would be a component of the literature review.
B Reanalysis of existing data for a secondary purpose is the definition of secondary analysis.
C Developmental design
permits exploration of the changing nature of relationships of variables over time.
D Development or refinement of a tool or instrument is the purpose of methodological research. Which statement about cross-sectional studies is most accurate? a. More than one group can be compared.
b. Only descriptive data can be measured.
c. Data are collected retrospectively rather than prospectively.
d. Data collection and data analysis can
occur simultaneously. ANS: A Feedback
A Cross-sectional design allows multiple group comparison.
B Cross-sectional analysis is not reserved for descriptive data.
C In cross-sectional design, data are collected across groups at one point in time.
D Data analysis would follow data collection in cross-sectional studies. A nurse researcher would decide to use a longitudinal or prospective
design for which reason? a. It is associated with data that are focused and deep.
b. It allows the overall study to be more manageable for the researcher.
c. It allows the issue of maturation to be avoided as a threat to internal validity.
d. It allows the nurse researcher to avoid the use of tools or instrumentation. ANS: A Feedback
A Longitudinal or prospective designs are associated with more in-depth, focused data collection.
B A
longitudinal design can be more difficult for the researcher given the length of time involved.
C Maturation is a threat to internal validity in longitudinal design.
D Longitudinal design often requires use of measurement tools or instruments. A nurse researcher would decide to use a retrospective or ex post facto study for which reason? a. Obtaining informed consent is not an important issue.
b. There is maximal opportunity to
manipulate the independent variable.
c. The dependent variable is measured at multiple times to examine maturation.
d. The dependent variable has already been affected by the independent variable. ANS: D Feedback
A Informed consent may be necessary in retrospective studies given some research topics.
B A retrospective study does not involve the manipulation of variables.
C Effect on the dependent variable has occurred already, so
maturation is not an issue.
D In an ex post facto study the dependent variable has already been affected. A nurse researcher will choose an ex post facto design over more a correlational design for which reason? a. It is easier to implement.
b. The independent variable can be manipulated.
c. There is a greater degree of control in the design.
d. There is increased flexibility when variables relationships are complex.
ANS: C Feedback
A An ex post facto design is not inherently easier than correlational design.
B No variable is manipulated in an ex post facto design.
C A retrospective or ex post facto study offers a higher level of control than a correlational study.
D Complex interrelationships usually decrease flexibility in a study. Which type of study should be used when data are collected at only one point in
time? a. Cross-sectional
b. Retrospective
c. Longitudinal
d. Prospective ANS: A Feedback
A Cross-sectional design is associated with data collection at one point in time.
B Retrospective design is analysis of data that has already been collected.
C Longitudinal design involves data collection over a specific period.
D Prospective design involves data collection over time into the future.
Data collection instruments were sent to the same sample of women at six different times during the first year of living with breast cancer. What type of study design does this exemplify? a. Cross-sectional
b. Retrospective
c. Longitudinal
d. Correlational ANS: C Feedback
A Cross-sectional design is data collection at one point in time.
B In retrospective design, relationships are examined about past events to analyze
possible effects on current variables.
C Longitudinal design involves data collection from the same group(s) at different points in time.
D Correlational design examines interrelationships among variables usually at one point in time. What threat to internal validity is most closely associated with a longitudinal design? a. Instrumentation effects
b. Mortality effects
c. History effects
d. Selection bias
ANS: B Feedback
A Instrumentation effects or testing effects can occur in many types of research design and are not more likely in longitudinal design.
B A major disadvantage of longitudinal design is loss of research subjects.
C History effects can occur in any kind of research design.
D Selection bias is due to problems with sampling processes rather than design issues. What study design allows study
participants to serve as their own controls, allowing early trends in the data to emerge? a. Cross-sectional
b. Ex post facto
c. Retrospective
d. Longitudinal ANS: D Feedback
A Cross-sectional design does not allow for intraparticipant comparisons because data are collected at one point in time.
B In ex post facto research, events have already occurred; intraparticipant comparison is not involved.
C Retrospective studies are similar
to ex post facto research. In ex post facto research, events have already occurred; intraparticipant comparison is not involved.
D In longitudinal studies, subjects serve as their own controls, and trends in the data can emerge. The longitudinal study and the prospective study are similar for which reason? a. Each moves forward in time.
b. Each has an experimental focus.
c. Each is able to establish causal relationships.
d. Each
selects different samples from the same population at various periods of time. ANS: A Feedback
A Longitudinal and prospective designs both move forward in time for data collection.
B Longitudinal and prospective studies are not necessarily experimental in design.
C Longitudinal and prospective designs do not necessarily establish causation; the design could be preexperimental, like descriptive design.
D Longitudinal and prospective studies
collect from the same group at different points in time. What type of research will assist a nurse researcher in focusing on the theory and development of measurement instruments? a. Meta-analysis
b. Psychometrics
c. Methodology
d. Data management ANS: B Feedback
A Meta-analysis is a research method quantitatively summarizing the results of many research studies.
B Psychometrics deals
with the theory and development of measurement instruments.
C Methodology is the section of a research report containing the design, sample, setting, instrumentation, and procedures.
D Data management is a generic term for organizing and analyzing collected data. How does an experimental research design differ from a nonexperimental research design? a. Experimental designs allow observation of a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, and
nonexperimental designs permit environmental manipulation.
b. Nonexperimental designs manipulate the dependent variable, and experimental designs manipulate the independent variable.
c. Nonexperimental designs attempt to test differences among variables, and experimental designs attempt to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
d. Experimental designs are scientific, and nonexperimental designs have no scientific basis. ANS: C Feedback
A
Nonexperimental designs allow observation of phenomena; experimental designs permit environmental (variable) manipulation.
B Nonexperimental designs involve no manipulation of variables.
C Experimental designs seek to establish cause-and-effect relationships by active manipulation of variables (e.g., treatments).
D Nonexperimental designs should have a scientific basis or rationale. Advantages to use of correlational design for a study
include what? (Select all that apply.) a. Efficiency and effectiveness in data collection
b. Flexibility for investigating complex relationships
c. Multivariate manipulation of variables
d. Strong potential for clinical (real-world) application
e. Increased potential for generalizability ANS: A, B, D Feedback
Correct Correlational design is associated with efficient and effective data collection for a large amount of
data.
Correlational design increases flexibility when investigating complex relationships among variables.
Correlational design is associated with the advantage of increased potential for real-world (clinical) application.
Incorrect Variables are not manipulated in nonexperimental research.
Because preexisting groups are used in correlational design, generalizability is decreased. What features identify a study as methodologic in
design? (Select all that apply.) a. A description of how the tool's items were formulated
b. A description of the experimental treatment
c. A clear definition of how the construct was measured
d. A reporting on the tool's tested reliability and validity
e. A statistical table showing the effect of the independent variable ANS: A, C, D Feedback
Correct A methodologic study includes formulation of the tool's items.
A methodologic
study includes a definition of how the construct/concept was measured.
A methodologic study is designed to test a new instrument's or tool's validity and reliability.
Incorrect Experimental treatments are not used in methodologic design.
Methodologic studies do not involve experimental treatments. What can a nurse researcher address in a study using a survey design? (Select all that apply.) a. Interrelationships of variables
b.
Description of variables
c. Assessment of differences between variables
d. Determination of causation
e. Prediction of treatment outcomes ANS: A, B, C Feedback
Correct Survey design is excellent for exploring interrelationships of variables.
Description of variables can be well elicited by survey design.
Survey design is helpful in assessing differences between variables.
Incorrect Survey design is not appropriate to determine
causation.
Survey design is not able to predict treatment outcomes because a variable is not being manipulated. Which types of research designs are considered to be survey studies? (Select all that apply.) a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Correlational
d. Developmental
e. Comparative
f. Cross-sectional ANS: A, B, E Feedback
Correct A descriptive study is considered to be a
survey design.
An exploratory study is considered to be a survey design.
A comparative study is considered to be a survey design.
Incorrect A correlational study is not considered to be a survey design.
A developmental study is not considered to be a survey design.
A cross-sectional study is not considered to be a survey design. Which types of research designs are considered to be relationship-difference studies? (Select all that
apply.) a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Correlational
d. Developmental
e. Comparative
f. Cross-sectional ANS: C, D, F Feedback
Correct A correlational study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
A developmental study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
A cross-sectional study is considered to be a relationship-difference study.
Incorrect A descriptive study is not considered to be a
relationship-difference study.
An exploratory study is not considered to be a relationship-difference study
A comparative study is not considered to be a relationship-difference study. Which types of research designs are considered to be developmental studies? (Select all that apply.) a. Cross-sectional
b. Comparative
c. Exploratory
d. Longitudinal
e. Prospective
f. Cohort
g. Descriptive
ANS: A, D, E, F Feedback
Correct A cross-sectional design is considered to be a developmental study.
A longitudinal design is considered to be a developmental study.
A prospective design is considered to be a developmental study.
A cohort design is considered to be a developmental study.
Incorrect A comparative design is not considered to be a developmental study.
An exploratory design is not considered to be a developmental study.
A descriptive design is not
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