The slave trade resulted in significant population changes in Africa. While there were demographic impacts across the continent because most slaves were captured and sold from West Africa, that region experienced the largest demographic changes. The present-day countries of Ghana and Benin lost the most people to the Atlantic slave trade. Show
Major demographic changes included the following. There was a drop in the African population: The slave trade did not cause the massive demographic collapse experienced by natives in the Americas. However, Africa’s share of the global population did decrease between the 17th and 19th centuries. In 1600 Africa represented 1818 percent of the global population, and that number dropped to 6 percent in 1900. Africa’s share of the global population has just now recovered. In 2009, the African continent represented 16 percent of the world’s population. Gender imbalance: Plantation owners in the Americas preferred male slaves to work in the back-breaking jobs required on plantations. As a result, ⅔ of slaves sold from Africa were men. As a result, certain African societies had an excess number of men. Polygyny: Excess women led to polygyn (taking more than one wife) in some African cultures. Changed social roles for women: Fewer men meant women had to assume additional work and duties traditionally assigned to men. CHINA—Timeline of Historical PeriodsTimeline of Chinese Dynastiesca. 2100-1600 BCE Xia (Hsia) Dynastyca. 1600-1050 BCE Shang DynastyCapitals: near present-day Zhengzhou and Anyang 1046-256 BCE Zhou (Chou, pronounced "Joe") DynastyCapitals: Hao (near present-day Xi'an) and Luoyang Western Zhou (ca. 1046-771 BCE)Eastern Zhou (ca. 771-256 BCE)Spring and Autumn Period (770-ca 475 BCE) 221-206 BCE Qin (Ch'in, pronounced "chin") Dynasty/Capital: Chang'an, present-day Xian 206 BCE-220 CE Han DynastyWestern/Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE)Capital:
Chang'an (present-day Xian) Eastern/Later Han (25-220 CE)Capital: Luoyang 220-589 CE Six Dynasties PeriodThree Kingdoms (220-265 CE) Jin Dynasty (265-420 CE) Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589 CE)Period of disunity and instability following the fall of the Han; Buddhism introduced to China 581-618 CE Sui (pronounced "sway") DynastyCapital: Chang'an (present-day Xian) 618-906 CE Tang DynastyCapitals: Chang'an (present-day Xian) and Luoyang 907-960 CE Five Dynasties Period960-1279 Song (Sung) DynastyNorthern Song (960-1127)Capital: Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng) Southern Song (1127-1279)Capital: (present-day Hangzhou) 1279-1368 Yuan DynastyThe reign of the Mongol empire; Capital: Dadu (present-day Beijing) 1368-1644 Ming DynastyRe-establishment of rule by Han ruling house; Capitals: Nanjing and Beijing 1644-1912 Qing (Ch'ing) DynastyReign of the Manchus; Capital: Beijing 1912-1949 Republic PeriodCapitals: Beijing, Wuhan, and Nanjing 1949-present People's Republic of ChinaCapital: Beijing Prepared by Dr. Amy Vladeck Heinrich, Director, C.V. Starr East Asian Library, Columbia University, for the Columbia University Project on Asia in the Core Curriculum. Annotated Timeline of Chinese History10,000-2,000 BCE Neolithic Culturesca. 2100-1600 BCE Xia (Hsia) Dynastyca. 1600-1050 BCE Shang DynastyOne of the Three Dynasties, or San Dai (Xia, Shang, and Zhou), thought to mark the beginning of Chinese civilization: characterized by its writing system, practice of divination, walled cities, bronze technology, and use of horse-drawn chariots. ca. 1046-256 BCE Zhou (Chou, pronounced "Joe") Dynasty: Western Zhou (ca. 1046-771 BCE), Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE)A hierarchical political and social system with the Zhou royal house at its apex: power was bestowed upon aristocratic families as lords of their domains or principalities. Although often compared to European "feudalism," what actually gave the system cohesion was a hierarchical order of ancestral cults. The system eventually broke down into a competition for power between rival semi-autonomous states in what became known as the Spring and Autumn period (ca. 770-475 BCE) and the Warring States (ca. 475-221 BCE) period. It was during these tumultuous times that Confucius (551-479 BCE) lived. 221-206 BCE Qin (Ch'in, pronounced "chin") DynastyCreated a unitary state by imposing a centralized administration and by standardizing the writing script, weights and measures. Known for its harsh methods of rule, including the suppression of dissenting thought. 206 BCE-220 CE Han Dynasty: Western/Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) and Eastern/Later Han (25-220 CE)Modified and consolidated the foundation of the imperial order. Confucianism was established as orthodoxy and open civil service examinations were introduced. Han power reached Korea and Vietnam. Records of the Historian, which became the model for subsequent official histories, was completed. 220-589 CE "Period of Disunity" or Six Dynasties PeriodThe empire was fragmented. The North was dominated by invaders from the borderland and the steppes. The South was ruled by successive "Chinese" dynasties. Buddhism spread. 581-618 CE Sui (pronounced "sway") DynastyChina reunified. 618-906 Tang DynastyA time of cosmopolitanism and cultural flowering occurred. This period was the height of Buddhist influence in China until its repression around 845. Active territorial expansion until defeated by the Arabs at Talas in 751. 960-1279 Song (Sung) Dynasty: Northern Song (960-1127) and Southern Song (1127-1279)An era of significant economic and social changes: the monetization of the economy; growth in commerce and maritime trade; urban expansion and technological innovations. The examination system for bureaucratic recruitment of neo-Confucianism was to provide the intellectual underpinning for the political and social order of the late imperial period. 1279-1368 Yuan DynastyFounded by the Mongols as part of their conquest of much of the world. Moved capital, called "Dadu" (present-day Beijing), to the north. Dramas, such as the famous Story of the Western Wing, flourished. 1368-1644 Ming DynastyThe first Ming emperor, Hongwu, laid the basis of an authoritarian political culture. Despite early expansion, it was an inward-looking state with an emphasis on its agrarian base. Gradual burgeoning of the commercial sector; important changes in the economy and social relations in the latter part of the dynasty; also a vibrant literary scene as represented by publication of the novel Journey to the West. 1644-1912 Qing (Ch'ing) DynastyA Manchu dynasty. Continued the economic developments of the late Ming, leading to prosperity but also complacency and a dramatic increase in population. The acclaimed novel Dream of the Red Chamber was written in this period. Strains on the polity were intensified by a rapid incorporation of substantial new territories. Its authoritarian structure was subsequently unable to meet the military and cultural challenge of an expansive West. 1912-1949 Republic PeriodWeak central government following the collapse of the dynastic system in 1911-12; Western influence was shown by the promotion of "science" and "democracy" during the New Culture Movement. The attempt of the Nationalist government (est. 1928) to bring the entire country under its control was thwarted by both domestic revolts and the Japanese occupation (1937-45). The Nationalists fled to Taiwan after defeat by the Communists. 1949-present People's Republic of ChinaCommunist government. The drive for remaking society ended in disasters such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. Economic reform and political retrenchment since around 1978. Prepared by Michael Tsin, previously assistant professor of Chinese
history, Columbia University; "The Dynasties Song"This "dynasties song," sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques,"
— Courtesy of the teachers on the College Board AP-World History Listserv Historical Thinking: China (Education about Asia)
What was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200 1450?Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 ? Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.
Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion?Europe emerged from an age of isolation with a desire to explore. In contrast to the Chinese, whose voyages were motivated mainly by a need to bolster their international prestige, European voyages during the Age of Exploration were motivated mainly by financial interests.
Which of the following was a major long term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India?Although Da Gama was the first European to navigate a route to India by sea, his voyage did not bring the prestige he had hoped for. The consequences of Da Gama's voyage to India include the development of the spice trade and the Portuguese colonisation of Mozambique.
Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century CE?Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.? Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states.
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