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SDSU
Terms in this set (99)
Planning, Analysis, Design, Development, Testing, Implementation, Maintenance
SDLC seven phases
Planning phase
establishes a high-level plan of the intended project and determines project goals
Analysis phase
the firm analyzes its end-user business requirements and refines project goals into defined functions and operations of the intended system
Design phase
establishes descriptions of the desired features and operations of the system including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code, and other documentation
Development phase
takes all the detailed design documents from the design phase and transforms them into the actual system
Testing phase
brings all the project pieces together into a special testing environment to eliminate errors and bugs, and verify that the system meets all the business requirements defined in the analysis phase
Implementation phase
the organization places the system into production so users can begin to perform actual business operations with it
Maintenance phase
the organization performs changes, corrections, additions, and upgrades to ensure the system continues to meet its business goals
Waterfall methodology
A sequence of phases in which the output of each phase becomes the input for the next
Agile Methodology
Aims for customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software components developed by an iterative process using the bare minimum requirements
Rapid Application Development (RAD) Methodology
Emphasizes extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the systems development process
Extreme Programming (XP) Methodology
Breaks a project into tiny phases, and developers cannot continue on to the next phase until the first phase is complete
Rational Unified Process (RUP) Methodology
Provides a framework for breaking down the development of software into four gates
Scrum Methodology
Uses small teams to produce small pieces of deliverable software using sprints, or 30-day intervals, to achieve an appointed goal
The Project Management Institute (PMI)
develops procedures and concepts necessary to support the profession of project management
Project
Temporary activities undertaken to create a unique product or service
Project Management
The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements
Project Manager
An individual who is an expert in project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan, and tracks the plan to ensure the project is completed on time and on budget
Project Deliverable
Any measurable, tangible, verifiable outcome, result, or item that is produced to complete a project or part of a project
Project Milestone
Represents key dates when a certain group of activities must be performed
Project Management Office (PMO)
An internal department that oversees all organizational projects
Time, Cost, Scope
The triple constraint
Project Stakeholder
Individuals and organizations actively involved in the project or whose interests might be affected as a result of project execution or project completion
Executive Sponsor
The person or group who provides the financial resources for the project
Project Charter
A document issued by the project initiator or sponsor that formally authorizes the existence of a project and provides the project manager with the authority to apply organizational resources to project activities
Specific, Measurable, Agreed upon, Realistic, Time frame
SMART criteria
Project objectives
quantifiable criteria that must be met for the project to be considered a success
Project constraints
specific factors that can limit options; budget, delivery dates, available skilled resources, organizational policies
Project assumptions
factors considered to be true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration; eg. Hours in a workweek, time of year the work will be performed
Kill switch
a trigger that enables a project manager to close the project before completion
PERT chart
graphical network model that depicts a project's tasks and the relationships between them
dependency
logical relationship that exists between the project tasks, or between a project task and a milestone
Critical path
estimates the shortest path through the project ensuring all critical tasks are completed from start to finish
Gantt chart
simple bar chart that lists project tasks vertically against the project's time frame, listed horizontally
Project Plan
A formal, approved document that manages and controls project execution
Change management
offers procedures and policies managers can use to help manage change during a system development
Change control board (CCB)
responsible for approving or rejecting all change requests
Onshore outsourcing
engaging another company within the same country for services
Nearshore outsourcing
contracting an outsourcing arrangement w/a company in a nearby country.
Offshore outsourcing
using organizations from developing countries to write code and develop systems
In-sourcing
Uses the professional expertise within an organization to develop and maintain its information technology systems
Outsourcing
An arrangement by which one organization provides a service or services for another organization that chooses not to perform them in-house
Integration
Allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other, eliminating the need for manual entry into multiple systems
Forward integration
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
Backward integration
takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
Legacy system
a current or existing system that will become the base for upgrading or integrating with a new system
Enterprise System
Provide enterprisewide support and data access for a firm's operations and business processes
Enterprise Application Integration
Connects the plans, methods, and tools aimed at integrating separate enterprise systems (EAI)
Middleware
Several different types of software that sit between and provide connectivity for two or more software applications
Enterprise Application Integration Middleware
Packs commonly used applications together, reducing the time needed to integrate applications from multiple vendors (EAIM)
Supply Chain Management
The management of information flows between and among activities in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability (SCM)
Supply Chain Visibility
The ability to view all areas up and down the supply chain in real time
Supply Chain Planning System
Uses advanced mathematical algorithms to improve the flow and efficiency of the supply chain while reducing inventory (SCPS)
Supply Chain Execution System
Automates the different activities of the supply chain (SCES)
Bullwhip Effect
Occurs when distorted product demand information ripples from one partner to the next throughout the supply chain
Demand Planning System
Generates demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques, so companies can respond faster and more effectively to consumer demands through supply chain enhancements (DPS)
Back order
an unfilled customer order for a product that is out of stock
Inventory cycle time
the time it takes to manufacture a product and deliver to the retailer
Customer order cycle time
the agreed upon time between the purchase of a product and the delivery of the product
Inventory turnover
the frequency of inventory replacement
Cost
An SCM system can cost millions of dollars for the software and millions more for help implementing the system
Complexity
The move towards globalization is increasing complexity in the supply chain
Collaborative demand planning
reduces inventory investments, while improving customer satisfaction
Collaborative engineering
reduces product development costs
Selling chain management
automates order processes from initial customer inquiry to final product delivery
Supply chain event management
increases real-time information sharing among supply chain partners focusing on reducing response time to unexpected events (SCEM)
Customer relationship management
Involves managing all aspects of a customer's relationship with an organization to increase customer loyalty and retention and an organization's profitability (CRM)
CRM Reporting Technology
Help organizations identify their customers across other applications
CRM Analysis Technologies
Help organization segment their customers into categories such as best and worst customers
CRM Predicting Technologies
Help organizations make predictions regarding customer behavior such as which customers are at risk of leaving
Operational CRM
Supports traditional transactional processing for day-to-day front-office operations or systems that deal directly with the customers
Analytical CRM
Supports back-office operations and strategic analysis and includes all systems that do not deal directly with the customers; relies heavily on data warehousing technologies and business intelligence to glean insights into customer behavior
List generator
compile customer information from a variety of sources and segment it for different market sources and segment it for different marketing campaigns
Campaign management system
guide users through marketing campaigns by performing such tasks as campaign definition, planning, scheduling, segmentation, and success analysis
cross-selling
selling additional products or services to an existing customer
up-selling
increasing the value of the sale
Sales force automation (SFA)
automatically tracks all the steps in the sales process
Sales management CRM systems
automate each phase of the sales process, helping individual sales representatives coordinate and organize all their accounts
Contact management CRM systems
maintains customer contact information and identifies prospective customers for future sales
Opportunity management CRM systems
target sales opportunities by finding new customers or companies for future sales
Contact center (call center)
where customer service representatives answer customer inquires and solve problems
Web-based self-service system
allow customers to use the web to find answers to their questions or solutions to their problems
Call scripting system
gather product details and issue resolution information that can be automatically generated into a script for the representative to read to the customer
Automatic call distribution
routes inbound calls to available agents
Interactive voice response (IVR)
directs customers to use touch-tone phones or keywords to navigate or provide information
Predictive dialing
automatically dials outbound calls and forwards answered calls to an available agent
Website personalization
occurs when a website has stored enough data about a person's likes and dislikes to fashion offers more likely to appeal to that person
Supplier relationship management
focuses on keeping suppliers satisfied by evaluating and categorizing suppliers for different projects (SRM)
Partner relationship management
discovers optimal sales channels by selecting the right partners and identifying mutual customers (PRM)
Employee relationship management
provides web-based self-service tools that streamline and automate the human resource department (ERM)
Enterprise Resource Planning
integrates all departments and functions throughout an organization into a single IT system so employees can make decisions by viewing enterprise wide information about all business operations (ERP)
Core ERP Component
Traditional components included in most ERP systems and they primarily focus on internal operations
Extended ERP Component
Extra components that meet the organizational needs not covered by the core components and primarily focus on external operations
Accounting and Finance ERP Component
Manages accounting data and financial processes within the enterprise with functions such as general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, budgeting, and asset management
Production and Materials Management ERP Component
Handles the various aspects of production planning and execution such as demand forecasting, production scheduling, job cost accounting, and quality control
Human Resource ERP Component
Tracks employee information including payroll, benefits, compensation, and performance assessment and assumes compliance with the legal requirements of multiple jurisdictions and tax authorities
Elogistics
manages the transportation and storage of goods
Eprocurement
the B2B online purchase and sale of supplies and services
Balanced scorecard
a management system, as well as a measurement system, that a firm uses to translate business strategies into executable tasks
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