focusNode Didn't know it?
click below Knew it?
click below Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into
your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how PSY201-02 QUIZ 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|
| Associative learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
| True
| | _______ is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
| Classical conditioning
| | ______ a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
| UCS
| | A neutral stimulus (NS) is a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
| true
| | An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
| False
| | In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition, when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
| True
| | When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar, it is called _________.
| stimulus discrimination
| | __________ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.
| Habituation
| | John B. Watson used the principles of classical conditioning in the study of _______.
| human emotion
| | What would keep researchers from performing studies like that of Watson and Little Albert?
| Ethics.
| | According to the ________, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
| law of effect
| | Punishment always increases a behavior.
| False
| | In ____________, we learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say.
| observational learning
| | Vicarious reinforcement is the process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior.
| true
| | _________ is the period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response.
| Acquisition
| | _______ is the unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment.
| Reflex
| | A fixed ratio reinforcement schedule is when a set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded.
| True
|
Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe classical conditioning, the type of learning in which a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli.
- An unconditioned response is the naturally occurring response; an unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that evokes an innate response. A conditioned
response is the learned response; a conditioned stimulus is the learned or associated stimulus.
- A conditioned response is acquired when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Extinction is the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response. Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence.
- Stimulus
generalization is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it is the original conditioned stimulus. Stimulus discrimination is the tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that’s similar to the original conditioned stimulus.
- Higher-order conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response.
Operant Conditioning-
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
- B. F. Skinner used a device called a Skinner box to study operant conditioning in rats. He set up the boxes so that the rats could automatically get rewards or punishments for particular types of responses.
- Reinforcement is delivery of a consequence that increases the likelihood that a response will occur. Positive reinforcement is the
presentation of a stimulus after a response. Negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a response.
- Punishment is the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur. Positive punishment is the presentation of a stimulus after a response. Negative punishment is the removal of a stimulus after a response.
- Primary reinforcers and punishers are naturally satisfying and unpleasant,
respectively. Secondary reinforcers and punishers are satisfying or unpleasant, respectively, because they’ve become associated with primary reinforcers or punishers.
- Shaping is a procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response.
- A reinforcement schedule is the pattern in which reinforcement is given over time. Reinforcement can be continuous or intermittent.
- Intermittent
reinforcement schedules include fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, and variable-interval schedules.
- In operant conditioning, extinction is the gradual disappearance of a response when it stops being reinforced.
- A discriminative stimulus is a cue that indicates the kind of consequence that is likely to occur after a response. Stimulus discrimination is the tendency for a response to occur only when a particular stimulus is
present.
- In operant conditioning, stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it’s the original discriminative stimulus.
Biological Influences- Biological factors can limit conditioning.
- Aversion to a particular taste can be conditioned only by pairing the taste with nausea.
- Instinctive drift is the tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts.
Cognitive Influences
- Conditioning involves higher mental processes, as it depends on the predictive power of the conditioned stimulus rather than mere association of stimuli.
Observational Learning- Observational learning is the process of learning to respond in a particular way by watching others, or models.
- Albert Bandura conducted experiments showing that children who watched adults behaving aggressively were more likely to behave aggressively themselves.
Popular pages: Learning and ConditioningTake a Study Break
What occurs when responses are made to similar stimuli?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus that is similar to an already-conditioned stimulus begins to produce the same response as the original stimulus does. Stimulus discrimination occurs when the organism learns to differentiate between the CS and other similar stimuli.
What is the term for the ability to respond differently to various stimuli?
Stimulus discrimination is a term used in both classical and operant conditioning. It involves the ability to distinguish between one stimulus and similar stimuli. In both cases, it means responding only to certain stimuli, and not responding to those that are similar.
When stimulus is similar to another stimulus then it is called?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a response that has been reinforced in the presence of one stimulus occurs for the first time in the presence of a structurally similar stimulus (Fields, Reeve, Adams, & Verhave, 1991; see Honig & Urcuioli, 1981, for a review).
What is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli?
Conditioning is the process of learning these associations. There are two types of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
| 
