Quizlet which is a consequence on the neonate of maternal smoking during pregnancy?

Eat smaller and more frequent meals during the day.

Eating smaller and more frequent meals may help prevent heartburn because acid production is decreased and stomach displacement is reduced. Heartburn can occur at any time during pregnancy. Contributing factors include stress, tension, worry, fatigue, caffeine, and smoking. Certain spicy foods (e.g., tacos) may trigger heartburn in the pregnant client.

The client should be advised to avoid sodium bicarbonate antacids (e.g., Alka-Seltzer), baking soda, Bicitra or sodium citrate, and fatty foods, which are high in sodium and can contribute to fluid retention.

Increasing, not decreasing, fluid intake may help to relieve heartburn by diluting gastric juices.

Caffeinated products such as coffee or tea can stimulate acid formation in the stomach, further contributing to heartburn.

"Although your sexual desire may change, intercourse is safe during an uncomplicated pregnancy."

Generally, engaging in the usual pattern of sexual activity during pregnancy is safe as long as the client is comfortable and no complications arise. The client needs to be informed that some women find intercourse uncomfortable during the first and third trimesters, owing to the common discomforts of pregnancy.

Numerous myths about engaging in sexual activity during pregnancy exist. However, coitus does not harm the fetus. Coitus interruptus is not considered the preferred method of sexual activity.

Avoiding sexual activity until the 16th week of pregnancy is not necessary because coitus does not harm the fetus.

During the third trimester, sexual intercourse is still considered safe. However, because of the increased size of the woman's abdomen, the couple should consider coital positions other than male superior position. Sexual intercourse would be contraindicated only if the woman experiences bleeding or ruptured membranes. Also, after 32 weeks' gestation, women with a history of preterm labor should be advised that coitus may lead to preterm labor due to the effects of prostaglandin production secondary to sexual intercourse. Stimulation of the breasts and nipples increases the body's production of oxytocin, which also can initiate labor.

Check fetal heart rate and maternal blood pressure.

When a client is admitted with bleeding in the third trimester of pregnancy, the nurse should first assess fetal heart rate and maternal blood pressure to establish a baseline and evaluate fetal and maternal well-being.

Vaginal examination is contraindicated for this client until the cause of the vaginal bleeding has been identified. For example, if the bleeding is due to abruptio placenta, a vaginal exam may cause further placental separation leading to excessive vaginal bleeding, thus placing the client at risk for hemorrhage.

Any rectal manipulation, such as rectal examination or administration of an enema, is contraindicated for this client until the cause of the vaginal bleeding has been identified. For example, if the bleeding is due to abruptio placenta, an enema may cause further placental dislodgment leading to excessive vaginal bleeding and subsequently possible hemorrhage.

At this point, a cesarean birth has not been planned, so witnessing a consent is not warranted.

"These streaks are called striae gravidarum, or stretch marks; they'll grow lighter after birth."

The client's weight gain and enlarging uterus, combined with the action of adrenocorticosteroids, lead to stretching of the underlying connective tissue of the skin, creating striae gravidarum in the second and third trimesters. Better known as stretch marks, these streaks develop most often in skin covering the breasts, abdomen, buttocks, and thighs. After delivery, they typically grow lighter.

Linea nigra is a dark line that extends from the umbilicus or above to the mons pubis. In the primigravid client, this line develops at approximately the third month of pregnancy. In the multigravid client, linea nigra typically appears before the third month.

Tiny bright hemangiomas may occur during pregnancy as a result of estrogen release. They're called vascular spiders because of the branching pattern that extends from each spot.

Nevi are circumscribed, benign proliferations of pigment-producing cells in the skin.

"What is it that concerns you about pregnancy, labor, and childbirth?"

The client is verbalizing concerns about death during childbirth, thus providing the nurse with an opportunity to gather additional data.

Asking the client about these concerns would be most helpful to determine the client's knowledge base and to provide the nurse with the opportunity to answer any questions and clarify any misconceptions.

Although the maternal mortality rate is low in the United States and Canada, maternal deaths do occur, even with modern technology.

Leading causes of maternal mortality in the United States and Canada include embolism, pregnancy-induced hypertension, hemorrhage, ectopic pregnancy, and infection.

Telling the client not to concern herself about what has happened in the past is not useful. It only serves to discount the client's concerns and block further therapeutic communication.

Also, postponing or ignoring the client's need for a discussion about complications of pregnancy may further increase the client's anxiety.

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