What are the 4 processes of accounting?

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Reflecting on the accounting processes thus far described reveals the following typical steps:

• transactions are recorded in the journal
• journal entries are posted to appropriate ledger accounts
• a trial balance is constructed
• adjusting entries are prepared and posted
• an adjusted trial balance is prepared
• formal financial statements are produced (perhaps with the assistance of a worksheet)

It appears that the accounting cycle is completed by capturing transaction and event information and moving it through an orderly process that results in the production of useful financial statements. Importantly, one is left with substantial records that document each transaction (the journal) and each account’s activity (the ledger). It is no wonder that the basic elements of this accounting methodology have endured for hundreds of years.

There remains one final process known as the closing process. Closing has two objectives:

Objective 1: Update Retained Earnings

Closing is a mechanism to update the Retained Earnings account in the ledger to equal the end-of-period balance. Keep in mind that the recording of revenues, expenses, and dividends do not automatically produce an updating debit or credit to Retained Earnings. As such, the beginning- of-period retained earnings amount remains in the ledger until the closing process “updates” the Retained Earnings account for the impact of the period’s operations.

Objective 2: Reset Temporary Accounts

Revenues, expenses, and dividends represent amounts for a period of time; one must “zero out” these accounts at the end of each period (as a result, revenue, expense, and dividend accounts are called temporary or nominal accounts). In essence, by zeroing out these accounts, they are reset to begin the next accounting period. In contrast, asset, liability, and equity accounts are called real accounts, as their balances are carried forward from period to period. For example, one does not “start over” each period reaccumulating assets like cash and so on; their balances carry forward.

Closing involves a four-step process:

This process results in all revenues and expenses being “corralled” in Income Summary(the net of which represents the income or loss for the period). In turn, the income or loss is then swept to Retained Earnings along with the dividends. Recall that beginning retained earnings, plus income, less dividends, equals ending retained earnings; likewise, the closing process updates the beginning retained earnings to move forward to the end-of-period balance.

Following are the closing entries for England Tours for 20X3. Compare the accounts and amounts to those that appeared in the 20X3 adjusted trial balance:

The effect of the above entries is to update the Retained Earnings account and cause a zero balance to occur in the temporary accounts. The Income Summary account is also “zeroed” out ($32,800 (cr.) = $30,200 (dr.) + $2,600 (dr.)). The following T-accounts reveal the effects of the closing entries:

Post-Closing Trial Balance

The post closing trial balance reveals the balance of accounts after the closing process, and consists of balance sheet accounts only. The post-closing trial balance is a tool to demonstrate that accounts are in balance; it is not a formal financial statement. All of the revenue, expense, and dividend accounts were zeroed away via closing, and do not appear in the post-closing trial balance.

Revisiting Software

Many accounting software programs are based on database logic. These powerful tools allow the user to query with few restrictions. As such, one could request financial results for most any period of time (e.g., the 45 days ending October 15, 20XX), even if it related to a period several years ago. In these cases, the notion of closing the accounts becomes far less relevant. Very simply, the computer can mine all transaction data and pull out the accounts and amounts that relate to virtually any requested interval of time.

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