Statistical analysis of longitudinal growth data on adolescents exposed in utero to the atomic bombs, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Final report, January 1, 1971--February 29, 1972Technical Report Pasternack, B. Show
Since 1950 approximately 1600 exposed and control subjects who were in utero at the time of the atomic bombings (ATB) of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been studied. The sample was drawn from the population of in utero children ATB who were either exposed or non-exposed (entering Hiroshima and Nagasaki between October 1945 and October 1955). Matching of subjects was carried out so that all available children exposed under 2,000 m were entered into the study. For each child exposed proximally an attempt was made to include a child exposed distally and one not-in-city ATB, matched by sex, month of birth,more » and economic status. Children at all stages of gestation were included. During the past year, a four parameter Gompertz-type model was used to characterize growth during adolescence for Japanese subjects who were in utero at the time of the atomic bombings of Japan in 1945. Based on maximum likelihood estimates of the four parameters, statistical analyses were performed to test for differences between sexes, cities, trimesters ATB, and exposure groups. The results obtained indicated that: males signiflcantly differed from females in all comparisons; differences among male exposure groups (indicating some impairment in adolescent growth) were greater than those for females; males and females in Nagasaki differed from those in Hiroshima, respectively; differences among trimester ATB groups were, almost without exception, non-significant; and age at onset of menarche and estimated age at the second point of inflection of the Gompertz growth curve were closely related. (auth)« less
Ophthalmologic survey of atomic bomb survivors in Japan, 1949. Atomic bomb radiation cataract case report with histopathologic study. Medical examination of Hiroshima patients with radiation cataracts (in Japanese and English)Technical Report Cogan, D; Martin, S; Kimura, S; ... This document contains 3 reports dealing with the delayed effects of radiation on the eyes of survivors of the atomic explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the first study, 1000 persons who were listed as having been in the open and within two kilometers of the hypocenter at the time of the explosion were selected at random from the census files of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission for study. In addition, 231 others, comprising the total available number of surviving persons listed at present in the census files as having been within one kilometer of the hypocenter, were examined, asmore » were several hundred others who were contacted through newspaper publicity, referrals from local ophthalmologists, or through hearsay. The survey resulted in bringing in persons having, or having had, a variety of ocular conditions. Those connected with the atomic bomb included the following diagnoses; multiple injuries of eyes and eyelids; keratoconjunctivitis from ultraviolet and ionizing radiations; thermal burn of the cornea and of the retina; retinitis proliferans; and radiation cataracts. The cataracts were the only delayed manifestations of ocular injury from the atomic bomb. The second paper is a case report of a histopathologic study of atomic bomb radiation cataract. The third paper presents the results of medical examinations of survivors having radiation induced cataracts. 32 references, 8 figures. (DMC)« less
Histologic review of breast cancer cases in survivors of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, JapanJournal Article Tokuoka, S; Asano, M; Yamamoto, T; ... - Cancer (Philadelphia); (United States) A panel of Japanese and American pathologists reviewed existing histologic material used to study breast cancer risk among the A-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a population in which incidence studies have found a strong relationship between breast cancer risk and radiation dose. The primary charge to the panel was to define a body of confirmed cases in the Life Span Study sample of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation that would require little or no review for inclusion in future studies of breast cancer incidence. Broad agreement on histologic type was reached for 298 of 300 confirmed cases. The distributionmore » of histologic types was, overall, similar to that seen in other studies of breast cancer in Japanese women, and did not appear to depend on dose; thus radiation-induced breast cancer appeared to be no different histologically from other breast cancer. Also, no evidence was found of variation in histologic type by city, age at exposure, age at diagnosis, or calendar time.« less
Mutation, radiation, and species survival: The genetics studies of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, JapanMiscellaneous Lindee, M This is an analysis of the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, an American agency which studied the effects of radiation on survivors of the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, 1947-1975. Funded by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and directed by the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, the ABCC was the largest and longest medical study of the estimated 300,000 survivors. The morphological genetics study dominated the ABCCs first decade. James Neel and his principal collaborator William J. Schull tracked more than 76,000 pregnancies. Their results (1956) suggested the bombs radiation had no detectable impact onmore » the offspring of survivors. Though geneticists knew that radiation caused heritable mutations in experimental organisms such as Drosophila, and believed it caused mutations in humans, the Neel-Schull findings were not a surprise. The practical difficulties of the study, and the relatively small increase in abnormal births to be expected, made a finding of significant effects unlikely. The Neel-Schull approach reflected the scientific debate over genetic load, and the Muller-Dobzhansky classical-balance controversy. Yet the findings also reflected the post-war debate over atomic energy and weapons testing. Many extra-scientific forces militated against a finding of positive effects at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Negative findings were consistent with the needs of the Atomic Energy Commission, the State Department and the U.S. military. This dissertation explores how both the scientific debate about genetic load, and the political debate about atmospheric weapons testing, shaped this complex epidemiological study. What was the result of dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki quizlet?About two-thirds of Hiroshima was destroyed immediately; about 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 injured. About half of Nagasaki was destroyed immediately; about 39,000 people were killed and 25,000 injured. By the end of 1945 about 100,000 more had died from injuries and radiation poisoning.
What were the effects of the atomic bomb?Many survivors began to notice the effects of exposure to the bomb's radiation. Their symptoms ranged from nausea, bleeding and loss of hair, to death. Flash burns, a susceptibility to leukemia, cataracts and malignant tumors were some of the other effects.
What happened after the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?Tens of thousands were killed in the initial explosions and many more would later succumb to radiation poisoning. On August 10, one day after the bombing of Nagasaki, the Japanese government issued a statement agreeing to accept the Allied surrender terms that had been dictated in the Potsdam Declaration.
What effect did the dropping of the atomic bomb have on the war?The atomic bomb did not alone win the war against Japan, but it most certainly ended it, saving the thousands of Allied lives that would have been lost in any combat invasion of Japan.
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