The X-Ray Safety Manual contains procedural guidelines and information for prudent work practices while using any x-ray producing device (XPD) at USC. The manual is made available to every area authorized to use XPDs and any area where XPDs are present. Show
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Safety Tips and GuidelinesAdditional safety tips and guidelines are available for the following x-ray equipment and techniques. Resources
Cabinet X-RayA cabinet X-ray device is an entirely shielded system that stops most radiation from leaving the enclosure. Examples of cabinet X-ray systems at USC include X-ray irradiators and digital X-ray cabinets. The enclosure is typically made of lead and is designed to attenuate radiation to levels below 0.5 mR/hr at any point 5 centimeters from any surface of the device. Lead PPE and personal dosimetry are not required when using a cabinet X-ray device because radiation remains at background levels during operation. Device Users are advised to continue following ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principles when using the device:
Cabinet X-ray devices have safety features that prevent X-ray production when the X-ray source is accessible and warn the user when X-rays are being produced. Examples of interlocks include:
It is essential to maintain the integrity of the shielding and safety devices by following these safe practices:
The Radiation Safety Office will complete a leakage survey upon installation or any major repair and constantly monitors all rooms that house a cabinet X-ray device for leakage radiation with area dosimeters. All device malfunctions or suspected incidents must be reported to the Radiation Safety Officer immediately. Reference Electron MicroscopeElectron microscopes (EM) produce low levels of X-rays as a result of the electron beam interacting with the sample material. Modern EMs are well-shielded; they eliminate or greatly minimize exposure to personnel. Personal dosimetry is not required when working with an EM.To ensure exposures are As Low As Resonably Achievable (ALARA), EM users will conduct the following:
Additionally, EM users must:
EM Owners/Supervisors must:
Download the Electron Microscope Safety Guide Sheet to review and record user compliance. Handheld Dental X-ray UnitIndividuals who operate dental X-ray units must be aware of the risks of radiation and follow safe work practices to keep patient exposure and their own exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). Operator Safety Patient Safety
References Aribex- Nomad Pro 2 Operator Manual California Dental Association- Radiation Safety in Dental Practice American Dental Association (ADA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Handheld X-ray Fluorescence AnalyzerThese guidelines do not apply to handheld dental units. For more information, see Handheld Dental X-ray Unit above. X-ray fluorescence is the emission of characteristic X-rays from excited atoms in a material that was bombarded with X-rays. X-ray Fluorescence Analyzers (XFAs) use this phenomenon for non-destructive elemental and chemical analysis and are typically used for research in geochemistry and archaeology. Primary Beam Risks Scatter Radiation Risks Safety Features
Proper Setup
Table 1. Responses of the Skin to Radiation ResponseDescriptionTime of OnsetThreshold (rads)Early transient erythemaInflammation of the skinWithin hours200EpilationHair loss14-21 days300Main erythemaInflammation of skinDays to weeks300Dry desquamationAtypical keratinization of the skin3-6 weeks800Dermal atrophyThinning of the dermal tissues> 26 weeks1000Moist desquamationLoss of the epidermis4-6 weeks1500Secondary ulcerationSecondary damage to the dermis> 6 weeks1500Acute ulcerationEarly loss of the epidermis< 14 days2000Late erythemaInflammation of the skin8-20 weeks2000Dermal necrosisNecrosis of the dermal tissues> 10 weeks2000Invasive fibrosisHealing method that leads to scar tissue formationMonths to years2000TelangiectasiaAtypical dilation of the superficial dermal capillaries> 52 weeks4000Acute epidermal necrosisInterphase death of postmitotic keratinocytes in the upper visible layers of the epidermis< 10 days55,000References Veterinary Research FluoroscopyFluoroscopy is a method of continuous X-ray imaging that allows for real-time monitoring of a procedure. The primary fluoroscopy beam produces radiation at a rate of 2000-5000 mR/minute and produces high levels of scatter radiation when the animal on the table is exposed to it. Which of the following radiographic procedures are considered unnecessary quizlet?Of the following radiologic procedures, which is (are) considered nonessential? A chest x-ray on scheduled admission to the hospital, lumbar spine x-rays as part of a preemployment physical examination, and whole-body multislice computed tomography (CT) screening are considered nonessential radiologic procedures.
Which of the following examinations are considered to be unnecessary radiologic procedure?What exams are considered to be unnecessary radiologic procedures? Chest X-ray as part of a pre-employment physical. Whole-body multi slice spiral CT screening. Any image that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error during the production of the initial image is known as a repeat image.
Which of the following are some of the factors that should be considered when technical exposure factors are to be selected?To ensure a diagnostic image with minimal patient dose, the technique (technical exposure factors) chosen must ensure:. Adequate radiographic density (exposure). An adequate amount of radiographic contrast between adjacent tissue densities.. Sufficient penetration of the area of clinical interest.. Which specialty uses a non ionizing form of radiation quizlet?EX: Diagnostic Medical Sonography, it uses non ionizing radiation.
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