Whose right to vote was protected by the fifteenth amendment to the constitution in 1869?

From Ohio History Central

As the American Civil War ended, the federal government was undecided as to how the seceded Confederate states were to return to the Union. President Abraham Lincoln favored a lenient policy and hoped to reunify the country quickly. When John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln in April 1865, the responsibility for reunifying the country passed to Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's former vice-president. Johnson initially favored a much harsher plan. He later changed his mind and favored a more lenient plan. Radical Republicans serving in the United States Congress did not agree with the President's plan. As a condition for re-admittance to the Union, the Congress proposed forcing the former Confederate states to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The Fifteenth Amendment stated,

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

This amendment guaranteed African American men the right to vote under the Constitution. Many Republicans believed that African American men deserved the right to vote. Other members of Congress had an additional motive. They believed that many white Southerners would never support a Republican candidate. Some of these legislators hoped that African American voters would support the political party that had ended slavery. African Americans could provide the Republican Party with a base of support in the former Confederate states.

The United States Congress submitted the Fifteenth Amendment to the states for approval in February 1869. Three-fourths of the states had to approve it.

The Fifteenth Amendment divided Ohioans. Since the Civil War's conclusion, Ohio citizens had debated whether to permit African American men to vote. Members of the Democratic Party, especially former Peace Democrats, generally opposed suffrage for African American men. Most Republicans supported extending the right to vote to African American men. When the United States Congress submitted the Fifteenth Amendment to the states for approval, Democrats controlled the Ohio legislature and refused to ratify the amendment. Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, supported the amendment. In the state elections of 1869, Hayes retained his seat by a slim margin of 7,500 votes. The Republicans did gain a slight majority in both houses of the General Assembly. The legislature ratified the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870. The Ohio Senate approved it by a single vote, and the Ohio House ratified it with just a two vote majority.

See Also

References

1. Dee, Christine, ed. Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2007.  
2. Foner, Eric. A Short History of Reconstruction. New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1990.
3. Gillette, William. The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969.  
4. Mathews, John Mabry. Legislative and Judicial History of the Fifteenth Amendment. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1909.  
5. Reid, Whitelaw. Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Generals and Soldiers. Cincinnati, OH: Clarke, 1895.
6. Roseboom, Eugene H. The Civil War Era: 1850-1873. Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1944.  

15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.

Library of Congress Web Site | External Web Sites | Selected Bibliography

Digital Collections

A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation

This collection contains congressional publications from 1774 to 1875, including debates, bills, laws, and journals.

• The House of Representatives passed the 15th Amendment on February 25, 1869, by a vote of 144 to 44
• The Senate passed the 15th Amendment on February 26, 1869, by a vote of 39 to 13.
• The text of the 15th Amendment can be found in the United States Statutes at Large, volume 16, page 346 (15 Stat. 346).
• Secretary of State Hamilton Fish issued a proclamation certifying the ratification of the 15th Amendment by the states on March 30, 1870.

Search this collection in the 40th Congress using keywords such as "suffrage", "amendment" and "constitution" to find additional legislative information on the 15th Amendment. After conducting a search look for references to Senate Joint Resolution 8, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which is often referred to as S. R. No. 8 or S. R. 8.

African American Perspectives: Materials Selected from the Rare Book Collection

“African American Perspectives” gives a panoramic and eclectic review of African American history and culture from the early 19th through the early 20th centuries, with the bulk of the material published between 1875 and 1900.

• Negro suffrage : should the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments be repealed? / Speech of Hon. Edward De V. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, in the House of Representatives, Monday, April 4, 1904

From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1822-1909

This collection presents 396 pamphlets from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division, published from 1822 through 1909, by African-American authors and others who wrote about slavery, African colonization, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and related topics.

• Suffrage and civil rights. The record of the Democracy on the XVth amendment. The civil rights bill and bill for the enforcement of the XVth amendment. Republicanism and Democracy contrasted.

Search this collection using the word "suffrage" to retrieve over twenty documents on this topic.

Printed Ephemera: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera

The Printed Ephemera collection comprises 28,000 primary-source items dating from the seventeenth century to the present and encompasses key events and eras in American history

• "All men free and equal." The XVth amendment proclaimed. Message to Congress. - Proclamation of the President ... New Haven, Conn. J. H. Benham & son, printers [1870].

Ulysses S. Grant Papers

The papers of Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885), army officer and eighteenth president of the United States, contain approximately 50,000 items dating from 1819-1974, with the bulk falling in the period 1843-1885. They include general and family correspondence, speeches, writings, reports, messages, military records, financial and legal records, newspaper clippings, scrapbooks, memorabilia, and other papers.

• President Ulysses S. Grant's special message to Congress regarding the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment, March 30, 1870.

Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers

Chronicling America

This site allows you to search and view millions of historic American newspaper pages from 1836-1922. Search this collection to find newspaper articles about the 15th Amendment.

A selection of articles on the 15th Amendment includes:

• "The Fifteenth Amendment," Daily National Republican. (Washington City, D.C.), March 31, 1870.
• "At Last! The Fifteenth Amendment. The Law of the Land." The Evening Telegraph. (Philadelphia, Pa.), March 31, 1870.
• "The Fifteenth Amendment: Message of the President in Full," The Charleston Daily News. (Charleston, S.C.), April 2, 1870.
• "The Fifteenth Amendment. Rejoicing at its Ratification." Evening Star. (Washington, D.C.), April 2, 1870
• "The Fifteenth Amendment: Thanksgiving Services," New-York Tribune. (New York, N.Y.), April 4, 1870.
  

Congress.gov

Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation (popularly known as the Constitution Annotated) contains legal analysis and interpretation of the United States Constitution, based primarily on Supreme Court case law. This regularly updated resource is especially useful when researching the constitutional implications of a specific issue or topic. It includes a chapter on the 15th Amendment.

Exhibitions

African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship

This exhibition showcases the African American collections of the Library of Congress. Displays more than 240 items, including books, government documents, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, plays, films, and recordings. Contains a section on Reconstruction that includes a picture from Harper's Weekly entitled "The First Vote."

American Treasures of the Library of Congress - The Fifteenth Amendment

Contains a lithograph of a parade in Baltimore, Maryland, celebrating the 15th Amendment on May 19, 1870.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom

This exhibition, which commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964, explores the events that shaped the civil rights movement, as well as the far-reaching impact the act had on a changing society.

Prints & Photographs

• The fifteenth amendment. Published by C. Rogan, 1871.
• The fifteenth amendment. Published & Printed by Thomas Kelly, 1870.
• The Fifteenth Amendment and its results / drawn by G.F. Kahl. Lithograph by E. Sachse & Co., 1870.
• The result of the Fifteenth Amendment, and the rise and progress of the African race in America and its final accomplishment, and celebration on May 19th, A.D., 1870. Published by Metcalf & Clark, 1870.
• The Fifteenth Amendment. Celebrated May 19th, 1870 / from an original design by James C. Beard. Published by Thomas Kelly, 1871.

Today in History

March 7, 1965

The Selma-to-Montgomery March for African American voting rights began on March 7, 1965. On the outskirts of Selma the marchers, in plain sight of photographers and journalists, were brutally assaulted by heavily armed state troopers and deputies.

Black Voting Rights: The Creation of the Fifteenth Amendment, HarpWeek

Documents from Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, University of Maryland

The Fifteenth Amendment, National Constitution Center

Landmark Legislation: Thirteenth, Fourteenth, & Fifteenth Amendments, U.S. Senate

Our Documents, 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, National Archives and Records Administration

Toward Racial Equality: Harper’s Weekly Reports on Black America, 1857-1874, HarpWeek

Selected Bibliography

Avins, Alfred, comp. The Reconstruction Amendments' Debates: The Legislative History and Contemporary Debates in Congress on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Richmond: Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 1967. [Catalog Record]

Darling, Marsha J. Tyson, ed. Race, Voting, Redistricting, and the Constitution: Sources and Explorations on the Fifteenth Amendment. New York: Routledge, 2001. [Catalog Record]

Gillette, William. The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969. [Catalog Record]

Hay, Jeff, ed. Amendment XV: Race and the Right to Vote. Farmington Hills, Mich: Greenhaven Press, 2009. [Catalog Record]

Maltz, Earl M. Civil Rights, the Constitution, and Congress, 1863-1869. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1990. [Catalog Record]

Mathews, John Mabry. Legislative and Judicial History of the Fifteenth Amendment. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1909. [Catalog Record] [Full Text]

Younger Readers

Banfield, Susan. The Fifteenth Amendment: African-American Men's Right to Vote. Springfield, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 1998. [Catalog Record]

Burgan, Michael. The Reconstruction Amendments. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2006. [Catalog Record]